PURPOSE: To determine the frequency of genetic alterations in a population of Brazilian infertile men with severe oligozoospermia or non-obstructive azoospermia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective study of a group of 143 infertile men with severe oligozoospermia or non-obstructive azoospermia from the Andrology Outpatient Clinic of the Human Reproduction Service at the ABC School of Medicine. Of these patients, 100 had severe oligozoospermia, and 43 non-obstructive azoospermia. All patients underwent a genetic study which included karyotype analysis and Y-microdeletion investigation. RESULTS: Genetic abnormalities were found in 18.8% of the studied patients. Chromosomal abnormalities were found in 6.2% of the patients, being more prevalent in the azoospermia group (11.6%) than in the oligozoospermia group (4%). Chromosomal variants were found in 8.3%, and Y-chromosome microdeletions in 4.2% of patients. CONCLUSION: The high frequency of genetic alterations (18.8%) in our series justified performing a genetic investigation in a population with idiopathic infertility, as results may help determine the prognosis, as well as the choice of an assisted reproduction technique. Moreover, a genetic investigation could minimize the risk of transmitting genetic abnormalities to future generations such as genetic male infertility, mental retardation, genital ambiguity and/or birth defects.

INTRODUÇÃO: Disfunções no metabolismo dos folatos podem resultar em hipometilação do DNA e na segregação cromossômica anormal. Dois polimorfismos comuns no gene MTHFR (C677T e A1298C) reduzem a atividade da enzima e, quando associados a estudos de aneuploidias apresentam resultados conflitantes. O objetivo do presente estudo foi a análise dos polimorfismos do gene MTHFR em mulheres portadoras da síndrome de Turner e em indivíduos de grupo-controle, correlacionando os achados ao mecanismo de formação de aneuploidias cromossômicas. MÉTODOS: Foram estudadas 140 portadoras da síndrome de Turner sendo 36 com mosaicismo cromossômico e 104 não-mosaicos, e um grupo-controle composto por 209 mulheres férteis e saudáveis sem história de prole com aneuplodia. Os polimorfismos MTHFR C677T e A1298C foram estudados por RFLP-PCR e os resultados analisados estatisticamente. RESULTADOS: A freqüência dos genótipos MTHFR 677CC, 677CT e 677TT nas pacientes portadoras de síndrome de Turner e mosaicismo cromossômico foi, respectivamente, 58,3%, 38,9% e 2,8%. Das pacientes portadoras de síndrome de Turner não-mosaico, 47,1% apresentaram o genótipo 677CC, 45,2% o genótipo 677CT e 7,7% apresentaram o genótipo 677TT. Nos 209 indivíduos do grupo-controle, os genótipos 677CC, 677CT e 677TT foram encontrados nas seguintes freqüências: 48,3%, 42,1% e 9,6%, respectivamente. Quanto ao polimorfismo A1298C, as portadoras de síndrome de Turner e mosaicismo cromossômico apresentaram os genótipos 1298AA, 1298AC e 1298CC nas seguintes freqüências: 58,3%, 27,8% e 13,9%, respectivamente. Já nas portadoras de Síndrome de Turner não-mosaico, o genótipo 1298AA foi encontrado em 36,5%, o genótipo 1298AC em 39,4% e o genótipo 1298 CC em 22,1% . No grupo-controle, os genótipos 1298AA, 1298AC e 1298CC estavam presentes nas freqüências 52,6%, 40,7% e 6,7%. CONCLUSÃO: Não foi observada correlação entre o polimorfismo C677T do gene MTHFR e a aneuploidia cromossômica presente nas portadoras de síndrome de Turner. O polimorfismo A1298C do gene MTHFR, principalmente o genótipo 1298CC, foi mais freqüente nas portadoras de síndrome de Turner, sugerindo seu envolvimento no mecanismo de formação de aneuploidias cromossômicas.

BACKGROUND: Dysfunctions in the folate metabolism can result in DNA hypomethylation and abnormal chromosome segregation. Two common polymorphisms of this enzyme (C677T and A1298C) reduce its activity, but when associated with aneuploidy studies the results are conflicting. The objective of the present study is to analyze the MTHFR gene polymorphisms in women with Turner Syndrome and in a control group, correlating the findings to the chromosomal aneuploidy. METHODS: The study comprised 140 patients with Turner Syndrome, of which 36 with chromosome mosaicism and 104 non-mosaics, and a control group of 209 fertile and healthy women without a history of any offspring with aneuploidy. Polymorphisms C677T and A1298C were studied by RFLP-PCR and the results were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: The frequency of genotypes MTHFR 677CC, 677CT and 677TT in the patients with Turner Syndrome and chromosome mosaicism was, respectively, 58.3%, 38.9% and 2.8%. Among the patients with non-mosaic Turner Syndrome, 47.1% presented genotype 677CC, 45.2% genotype 677CT, and 7.7% genotype 677TT. Among the 209 individuals of the control group, genotypes 677CC, 677CT and 677TT were found at the following frequencies: 48.3%, 42.1% and 9.6%, respectively. As for polymorphism A1298C, the patients with Turner Syndrome and chromosome mosaicism presented genotypes 1298AA, 1298AC and 1298CC at the following frequencies: 58.3%, 27.8% and 13.9%, respectively. Among the non-mosaic Turner Syndrome patients, genotype 1298AA was found in 36.5%, genotype 1298AC in 39.4%, and genotype 1298CC in 22.1%. In the control group, genotypes 1298AA, 1298AC and 1298CC were present at the following frequencies: 52.6%, 40.7% and 6.7%, respectively. CONCLUSION: No correlation was observed between the MTHFR gene polymorphism 677 and chromosomal aneuploidy in the Turner Syndrome patients. However, the MTHFR gene polymorphism at position 1298, mainly genotype 1298CC that reduces the enzyme efficiency, was more frequent in the group of Turner Syndrome patients, suggesting its involvement in mechanisms related to chromosomal imbalances.

Objetivo: o acometimento do trato urinário pela endometriose é raro e quando ocorre, a bexiga é o órgão mais freqüentemente afetado. Observamos que algumas pacientes têm sido encaminhadas com o diagnóstico clínico de neoplasia vesical. Em geral, a literatura mostra relatos isolados de casos, tornando difícil a padronização de condutas. Tivemos por objetivo apresentar nossa experiência, mostrando os principais aspectos diagnósticos e terapêuticos desta entidade clínica. Métodos: avaliamos retrospectivamente os casos com diagnóstico de endometriose vesical por meio do arquivo do Departamento de Patologia, fazendo revisão dos dados clínicos de prontuário e convocando as pacientes para seguimento ambulatorial após tratamento. Resultados: os principais sinais e sintomas apresentados pelas pacientes foram disúria cíclica, massa e dor pélvica crônica. O diagnóstico presuntivo foi realizado mediante ultra-sonografia (USG), tomografia computadorizada (TC) de abdome, cistoscopia e laparoscopia. O diagnóstico definitivo com confirmação anátomo-patológica foi obtido pela ressecção endoscópica em 3 casos e biópsia laparoscópica em 1 caso. As opções terapêuticas foram o tratamento medicamentoso exclusivo e a ressecção da lesão empregando a via endoscópica ou cistectomia parcial, sempre complementados por tratamento clínico adjuvante. Conclusões: revisamos os principais aspectos clínicos e terapêuticos da endometriose do trato urinário, lembrando que esta representa um importante diagnóstico diferencial de tumor vesical em mulheres jovens na idade reprodutiva.

Purpose: urinary tract involvement by endometriosis is uncommon and the bladder is the most common site. We observed that clinical misdiagnosis of bladder cancer frequently is made. Because the disease is generally described in case reports there is not a consensual management. We present and discuss our experience of diagnostic and therapeutic issues. Methods: retrospective analysis of urinary endometriosis slides of the Department of Pathology files was made. Medical charts and follow-up were reviewed in detail and interviews were performed during or after treatment. Results: we describe four cases with cyclic disuria, abdominal mass, pelvic pain and imaging diagnosis of bladder tumor. Pathological specimens were obtained by endoscopic resection (3 cases) and laparoscopic biopsy (1 case). Therapeutic options were exclusive medical treatment or surgical removal with transurethral resection or partial cystectomy supplemented with adjuvant medication. Conclusions: we review the clinical and therapeutic aspects of urinary tract endometriosis stressing that this is an important differential diagnosis of bladder cancer in reproductive women.